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Mouth of the Converter:
The temperature at the converter mouth fluctuates sharply, and it is subjected to severe erosion by slag and high-temperature exhaust gases. Thus, refractory bricks used in this area must exhibit high thermal shock resistance and slag resistance.

Converter Cap:
This area is primarily affected by gas flow within the furnace, splashing of slag during blowing, and rapid temperature changes, as well as dust-laden exhaust gases. Therefore, magnesia-carbon bricks with strong slag resistance and excellent thermal shock resistance are used.

Converter Wall:
The bricks lining the converter wall, especially on the charge side, endure steel and slag erosion, requiring high strength at elevated temperatures.

Slag Line and Trunnion Area:
These are the most demanding parts of the converter lining, as they are subjected to erosion and corrosion by molten steel, slag, and gas flows. Bricks with the best corrosion resistance must be used in these areas.

Tap Hole Bricks:
Tap hole bricks are another critical component of the converter lining. In large converters, due to the high volume of molten steel flow and harsh operating conditions, the lifespan of tap hole bricks is significantly shorter than the overall lining. Frequent replacement is necessary. Tap hole bricks can be categorized as monolithic or sectional. Currently, monolithic magnesia-carbon tap hole bricks are considered highly effective, offering longer service life and easier replacement.

During the steelmaking process, different parts of the converter lining face varying working conditions, resulting in uneven erosion of the working layer. To address this, our company adopts a comprehensive lining strategy to achieve balanced erosion of the overall lining.

The comprehensive lining approach involves selecting 3–6 grades of bricks based on the specific conditions of different manufacturers. These bricks are then used in various parts of the converter, such as the slag line, trunnion, furnace wall, and hearth, to achieve optimal economic benefits.

Based on the above requirements, the refractory material configuration plan for a 180-ton converter at a steel plant is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.